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Exploring the World of Yoga

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By JustBaazaar Editor

Exploring the World of Yoga

In a fast-paced world filled with stress and constant demands, more people are turning to holistic approaches for overall well-being. One such practice that has gained immense popularity is yoga. In this blog, we will delve into the full details of yoga, exploring its benefits, advantages, disadvantages, and potential harm.

Exploring the World of Yoga

Section 1: The Art of Yoga Yoga is an ancient practice that originated in India and has evolved over thousands of years. It encompasses a range of physical, mental, and spiritual disciplines, aiming to bring harmony and balance to the practitioner’s life.

Section 2: Benefits of Yoga 2.1 Physical Benefits:

  • Improved flexibility and balance
  • Increased strength and muscle tone
  • Enhanced respiratory function and cardiovascular health
  • Better posture and body awareness

2.2 Mental and Emotional Benefits:

  • Stress reduction and relaxation
  • Enhanced concentration and focus
  • Improved mood and mental clarity
  • Increased self-awareness and mindfulness

Section 3: Advantages of Practicing Yoga 3.1 Accessibility:

  • Suitable for all age groups and fitness levels
  • Minimal equipment required
  • Can be practiced almost anywhere

3.2 Versatility:

  • Various styles cater to different preferences and goals
  • Can be adapted for specific health conditions

3.3 Holistic Approach:

  • Addresses both physical and mental well-being
  • Encourages a balanced and mindful lifestyle

Section 4: Disadvantages of Yoga 4.1 Physical Strain:

  • Risk of injuries, especially for beginners
  • Overemphasis on flexibility may lead to hypermobility

4.2 Time Commitment:

  • Some styles may require significant time dedication
  • Inconsistent practice may yield fewer benefits

Section 5: Potential Harm in Yoga 5.1 Overexertion:

  • Pushing beyond personal limits can lead to injuries
  • Ignoring pain signals may cause harm

5.2 Improper Instruction:

  • Inadequate guidance may result in incorrect postures
  • Lack of supervision can contribute to injuries

Yoga, derived from the Sanskrit word “yuj,” meaning ‘to yoke’ or ‘union,’ represents a profound system of physical, mental, and spiritual practices that originated in ancient India. Rooted in the concept of achieving union, yoga aims to control and still the mind, recognizing a detached witness-consciousness untouched by the fluctuations of the mind (Chitta) and the sufferings of mundane existence (Duḥkha). The essence of yoga lies in the harmonious integration of the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of an individual’s being.

The history of yoga can be traced back to ancient texts, with mentions in the Rigveda and references in the Upanishads. The term “yoga” as it is understood today appears in the Katha Upanishad, suggesting that the practice had already taken a recognizable form between the fifth and third centuries BCE. Yoga continued to evolve during the ascetic and Śramaṇa movements in ancient India, reaching its systematic study and practice during the fifth and sixth centuries BCE.

The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, considered the most comprehensive text on yoga, emerged in the early centuries of the Common Era. As yoga philosophy developed, it became one of the six orthodox philosophical schools (Darśanas) of Hinduism during the second half of the first millennium CE. The practice of Hatha yoga, characterized by physical postures (asanas) and originating in tantra, gained prominence between the ninth and 11th centuries.

Two competing theories exist regarding the origins of yoga. The linear model suggests that yoga originated in the Vedic period and influenced Buddhism, while the synthesis model posits that yoga is a blend of Vedic and non-Vedic elements. Western scholarship tends to favor the latter.

In the Western world, the term “yoga” often refers to a modern form of Hatha yoga, emphasizing posture-based physical fitness, stress relief, and relaxation techniques, largely consisting of asanas. This contemporary interpretation differs from traditional yoga, which focuses on meditation and the release from worldly attachments. The shift towards the physical aspect of yoga gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when gurus from India, notably Swami Vivekananda, adapted yoga without asanas. Vivekananda introduced the Yoga Sutras to the West, and the 20th-century success of hatha yoga further propelled the global popularity of yoga as a holistic approach to well-being.

Etymology of Yoga: Unveiling the Linguistic Roots

The term “yoga” carries a profound etymology deeply embedded in the ancient Sanskrit language, shedding light on its rich linguistic history. Derived from the Sanskrit root “yuj” (युज्), the noun “yoga” is a linguistic counterpart to the English word “yoke,” symbolizing an act of attachment, joining, harnessing, or yoking. This linguistic connection suggests a union or connection between various aspects, reflecting the essence of yoga as a practice aimed at achieving harmony and balance.

The earliest trace of the root “yuj” in relation to yoga is found in hymn 5.81.1 of the Rigveda, an ancient Hindu scripture. In this hymn dedicated to the rising Sun-god, the term has been interpreted as “yoke” or “control.” This signifies the early association of yoga with the idea of control and discipline, an alignment of the self with a greater cosmic force.

Pāṇini, a Sanskrit grammarian who lived in the 4th century BCE, further contributed to the understanding of the term “yoga.” According to Pāṇini, the term can be derived from two roots: “yujir yoga” meaning “to yoke,” or “yuj samādhau” meaning “to concentrate.” In the context of the Yoga Sutras, a foundational text on yoga philosophy attributed to Patanjali, traditional commentators lean towards the latter, considering “yuj samādhau” as the correct etymology. This choice emphasizes the crucial element of concentration in the practice of yoga, highlighting the focus of the mind as a central aspect of the discipline.

Building on Pāṇini’s insights, Vyasa, who authored the first commentary on the Yoga Sutras, adds another layer to the understanding of yoga. According to Vyasa, yoga is synonymous with “samadhi” – a state of intense concentration and meditative absorption. This aligns with the perspective that a person dedicated to the practice of yoga, often referred to as a yogi, achieves a heightened level of concentration and a profound connection with their inner self and the universe.

Additionally, the gender-specific terms “yogi” and “yogini” are introduced, signifying a practitioner’s commitment to the philosophy and lifestyle of yoga. A yogi, whether male, and a yogini, female, exemplify individuals who embody the principles of yoga with dedication and commitment, embracing a path of self-discovery and spiritual realization.

In essence, the etymology of yoga unveils a linguistic journey that goes beyond mere words. It encapsulates the essence of union, control, and concentration – foundational principles that form the bedrock of the diverse and transformative practices encompassed by the term “yoga.”

Exploring the World of Yoga

Elaboration on Definitions of Yoga in Classical Texts

  1. Vaisesika Sutra (c. 4th century BCE):
    • Definition: “Pleasure and suffering arise as a result of the drawing together of the sense organs, the mind and objects. When that does not happen because the mind is in the self, there is no pleasure or suffering for one who is embodied. That is yoga” (5.2.15–16).
    • Explanation: Yoga is portrayed as the state where the mind remains detached from external stimuli, leading to the absence of pleasure or suffering.
  2. Katha Upanishad (last centuries BCE):
    • Definition: “When the five senses, along with the mind, remain still and the intellect is not active, that is known as the highest state. They consider yoga to be firm restraint of the senses. Then one becomes un-distracted for yoga is the arising and the passing away” (6.10–11).
    • Explanation: Yoga is characterized by stilling the senses and mind, achieving a heightened state where one is undistracted and attuned to the cyclic nature of existence.
  3. Bhagavad Gita (c. 2nd century BCE):
    • Definitions:
      • “Be equal minded in both success and failure. Such equanimity is called Yoga” (2.48).
      • “Yoga is skill in action” (2.50).
      • “Know that which is called yoga to be separation from contact with suffering” (6.23).
    • Explanation: The Bhagavad Gita emphasizes equanimity, skillful action, and separation from suffering as integral aspects of yoga.
  4. Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (c. first centuries CE):
    • Definitions:
      • “Yoga is the calming down the fluctuations/patterns of mind” (1.2).
      • “Then the Seer is established in his own essential and fundamental nature” (1.3).
      • “In other states there is assimilation (of the Seer) with the modifications (of the mind)” (1.4).
    • Explanation: Patanjali defines yoga as the stilling of mental fluctuations, leading to self-realization and a harmonious union with one’s essential nature.
  5. Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra (4th century CE):
    • Definition: “Yoga is fourfold: faith, aspiration, perseverance, and means” (2.152).
    • Explanation: Describes yoga as a comprehensive practice involving faith, aspiration, perseverance, and the means to achieve spiritual goals.
  6. Kaundinya’s Pancarthabhasya (4th century CE):
    • Definition: “In this system, yoga is the union of the self and the Lord” (I.I.43).
    • Explanation: Yoga is presented as the union between the individual self and the divine, indicating a spiritual connection.
  7. Yogaśataka by Haribhadra Suri (6th century CE):
    • Definition: “With conviction, the lords of Yogins have defined yoga as the concurrence of correct knowledge, correct doctrine, and correct conduct, beginning with correct knowledge” (2, 4).
    • Explanation: Yoga involves the convergence of correct knowledge, doctrine, and conduct, leading to liberation.
  8. Linga Purana (7th–10th century CE):
    • Definition: “By the word ‘yoga’ is meant nirvana, the condition of Shiva” (I.8.5a).
    • Explanation: Yoga is equated with the state of nirvana, representing the ultimate liberation and connection with Shiva.
  9. Brahmasutra-bhasya of Adi Shankara (c. 8th century CE):
    • Definition: “It is said in the treatises on yoga: ‘Yoga is the means of perceiving reality'” (2.1.3).
    • Explanation: Yoga is described as a means to perceive ultimate reality, emphasizing its philosophical dimension.
  10. Mālinīvijayottara Tantra (6th–10th century CE):
    • Definition: “Yoga is said to be the oneness of one entity with another” (4.4–8).
    • Explanation: Yoga is depicted as a state of oneness between entities, suggesting a unifying experience.

These diverse definitions from classical texts collectively showcase the multifaceted nature of yoga, incorporating physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions across various philosophical traditions and historical periods.

Elaboration on the Goals of Yoga: A Journey to Unity and Liberation

The practice of yoga is imbued with profound goals that transcend the physical postures and breathing exercises commonly associated with it. Rooted in ancient philosophical and religious traditions, yoga encompasses a spectrum of objectives aimed at achieving mental stillness, self-awareness, unity with the divine, and liberation from the cycle of suffering and rebirth (saṃsāra).

  1. Stilling the Mind and Gaining Insight:
    • Description: One primary goal of yoga is to calm and still the mind, allowing practitioners to gain deeper insight into their thoughts, emotions, and perceptions.
    • Purpose: By achieving mental stillness, individuals can observe their own consciousness and recognize dysfunctional patterns of perception and cognition.
  2. Resting in Detached Awareness:
    • Description: Detached awareness involves observing one’s experiences without becoming entangled or overly identified with them.
    • Purpose: This goal facilitates the release of suffering, the discovery of inner peace, and ultimately, salvation from the cycle of worldly attachments.
  3. Liberation (Moksha) from Saṃsāra and Duḥkha:
    • Description: Moksha is the liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (saṃsāra) and the cessation of suffering (duḥkha).
    • Purpose: Attaining liberation means transcending the limitations of the material world and achieving a state of eternal bliss and oneness with the divine or the self.
  4. Unity (Aikyam) with the Divine (Brahman) or Self (Ātman):
    • Description: Unity refers to the profound connection between the individual and the divine or the ultimate reality within oneself.
    • Purpose: Achieving unity represents the culmination of spiritual evolution, leading to a harmonious integration with the divine (Brahman) or the true self (Ātman).
  5. Samadhi in Astanga Yoga:
    • Description: In the classical Astanga yoga system, the ultimate goal is samadhi, a state of profound meditative absorption and pure awareness.
    • Purpose: Remaining in samadhi allows practitioners to experience a state of transcendence, where the boundaries between the individual self and the universal consciousness dissolve.

These overarching goals of yoga are approached in various ways, reflecting the diversity of philosophical and theological systems. The multifaceted nature of yoga’s goals is captured by Knut A. Jacobsen’s five principal meanings of yoga, ranging from disciplined methods and techniques to specific schools of philosophy and the ultimate goal of yoga practice.

David Gordon White notes that the core principles of yoga were established by the 5th century CE, evolving over time. The goals of yoga, as described by White, encompass a meditative means of self-discovery, expanding consciousness, achieving omniscience and enlightened consciousness, and exploring supernatural accomplishments.

While some of these goals align with mainstream yoga practices, others, such as the attainment of supernatural accomplishments, are considered fringe practices. James Mallinson emphasizes that these fringe practices are distinct from the mainstream goal of meditation-driven liberation present in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain philosophical schools since the beginning of the Common Era.

In essence, the goals of yoga invite individuals on a transformative journey towards self-realization, spiritual awakening, and liberation from the illusions of the material world.

Elaboration on the History of Yoga: An Ancient Evolution

The history of yoga is a rich tapestry woven through millennia, originating in ancient India with a complex evolution shaped by diverse philosophical, religious, and cultural influences. While there is no consensus on the precise chronology or origins of yoga, two major theories, the linear and synthesis models, offer distinct perspectives on its development.

  1. Linear Model: Vedic Origins and Influence on Buddhism:
    • Description: According to the linear model, yoga has its roots in the Vedic period, as evidenced by references in Vedic texts. This theory asserts that yoga subsequently influenced the development of Buddhism.
    • Supporters: Hindu scholars predominantly advocate for the linear model, highlighting the connections between Vedic practices and the early forms of yoga.
  2. Synthesis Model: Integration of Indigenous and Vedic Elements:
    • Description: The synthesis model proposes that yoga is a fusion of indigenous, non-Vedic practices with elements from Vedic traditions. This perspective is more favored in Western scholarship.
    • Supporters: Scholars who endorse the synthesis model argue that yoga’s development is a result of a blending of diverse cultural and religious influences in ancient India.
  3. Emergence in Early Upanishads (c. 800–200 BCE):
    • Background: Speculations about yoga first surfaced in the early Upanishads during the first half of the first millennium BCE. These texts explored philosophical ideas, including early concepts related to yoga.
    • Expansion: Jain and Buddhist texts from around 500 to 200 BCE also began incorporating discussions on yoga, contributing to its early evolution.
  4. Formation of Philosophical Traditions (200 BCE – 500 CE):
    • Diversity: Between 200 BCE and 500 CE, distinct traditions within Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism were taking shape. Sutras, concise aphorisms or principles, were formulated to codify teachings and practices.
    • Patanjaliyogasastra: The philosophical system of Patanjaliyogasastra, attributed to the sage Patanjali, started to emerge during this period, becoming a foundational text for classical yoga.
  5. Development of Yoga Satellite Traditions (Middle Ages):
    • Expansion: The Middle Ages witnessed the proliferation of various yoga satellite traditions, each with its unique emphasis and practices. These traditions contributed to the diversity and richness of yogic philosophies and methodologies.
  6. Introduction to the Western World (Mid-19th Century):
    • Awareness: During the mid-19th century, aspects of Indian philosophy, including yoga, captured the attention of the educated Western public. This period marked the beginning of the global dissemination of yogic ideas and practices.

The history of yoga reflects a continual evolution shaped by cultural, philosophical, and religious influences. From its speculative origins in the early Upanishads to the codification of practices in sutras and the diverse traditions of the Middle Ages, yoga has undergone a dynamic journey. Its introduction to the Western world in the 19th century marked a significant chapter, leading to the global popularity and diverse interpretations of yoga seen today.

Elaboration on the Origins of Yoga: Unraveling Ancient Roots

The origins of yoga are shrouded in the mists of time, and theories on its genesis diverge, offering different perspectives on its emergence in ancient India.

  1. Linear Model: Aryan Genesis and Vedic Source:
    • Description: According to the linear model, proponents, especially within Hindu research circles, suggest a sequential growth of Indian contemplative practices originating from an Aryan genesis. Traditional Hinduism venerates the Vedas as the ultimate source of spiritual knowledge.
    • Supporters: Hindu scholars, adhering to the Aryan genesis concept, view the Vedas as the foundation of all spiritual wisdom. Edwin Bryant notes that those supporting Indigenous Aryanism typically align with the linear model.
  2. Synthesis Model: Integration of Non-Vedic Systems:
    • Description: Heinrich Zimmer championed the synthesis model, asserting that yoga is part of a non-Vedic system encompassing the Samkhya school, Jainism, and Buddhism. According to Zimmer, these systems, including yoga, share a common subsoil of archaic metaphysical speculation rooted in pre-Aryan northeastern India.
    • Supporters: Richard Gombrich and Geoffrey Samuel propose that the śramaṇa movement, from which yoga draws, originated in non-Vedic Greater Magadha, challenging the notion of a strictly Vedic origin.
  3. Composite Model: Pre-Aryan Yoga Prototype:
    • Description: Thomas McEvilley advocates for a composite model, positing that a pre-Aryan yoga prototype existed in the pre-Vedic period and was refined during Vedic times. Gavin D. Flood acknowledges continuities between renunciation and Vedic Brahmanism, suggesting a complex interplay of influences from both Brahmanical and non-Brahmanical traditions in the formation of the renunciate ideal.
  4. Ascetic Traditions and Proto-Samkhya Concepts:
    • Description: The ascetic traditions of the eastern Ganges plain are believed to draw from a shared body of practices and philosophies. Proto-Samkhya concepts, such as purusha (consciousness) and prakriti (matter), are considered common denominators in these traditions.
    • Context: Despite dichotomies between renunciation and Vedic ritual traditions, there are perceived connections and shared elements, suggesting a nuanced relationship between these divergent streams.
  5. Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC):
    • Description: Some scholars, such as Karel Werner, Thomas McEvilley, and Mircea Eliade, propose that the roots of yoga can be traced to the Indus Valley Civilisation (c. 3300–1300 BCE). They point to the iconic Pashupati seal figure in a Mulabandhasana posture as evidence of early yogic practices.
    • Controversy: More recent scholarship challenges this view, considering it speculative. Scholars like Geoffrey Samuel, Andrea R. Jain, and Wendy Doniger assert that the identification of the figure on the Pashupati seal is uncertain, and the roots of yoga cannot conclusively be linked to the IVC without deciphering the Harappan script.

In summary, the origins of yoga remain enigmatic, with diverse theories offering glimpses into its complex evolution. Whether viewed through the lens of Vedic roots, synthesis with non-Vedic systems, a composite historical development, or speculative connections to the Indus Valley Civilisation, the quest to unveil the true origins of yoga continues to be a subject of scholarly exploration and debate.

Elaboration on Earliest References to Yoga (1000–500 BCE): Tracing the Vedic Roots

The period from 1000 to 500 BCE marks a crucial phase in the emergence of yogic practices, with the Vedas serving as the primary repositories of early references to yoga. During this time, yogic concepts were associated with ascetics on the periphery of Brahmanism, offering glimpses into the contemplative traditions that would evolve into classical yoga.

  1. Vedic Period and the Vedas:
    • Timeframe: The Vedas, codified between 1200 and 900 BCE, are the earliest texts from the Vedic period that provide insights into early yogic practices.
    • Ascetics and Brahmanism: References to yogic practices primarily involve ascetics existing outside or on the fringes of Brahmanism, showcasing an early connection between yogic traditions and asceticism.
  2. Rigveda and Nasadiya Sukta:
    • Contemplative Tradition: The Rigveda’s Nasadiya Sukta hints at an early Brahmanic contemplative tradition, laying the foundation for future yogic developments.
    • Breath Control: Techniques for controlling breath and vital energies find mention in the Atharvaveda and the Brahmanas, emphasizing the importance of breath in early yogic practices.
  3. Samhitas and Ascetics:
    • Ascetics in Vedas: The Samhitas, containing the mantras of the Vedas, allude to ascetics known as Munis or Keśins and the Vratyas. These references provide glimpses into early yogic figures and practices.
  4. Keśin Hymn (Rigveda 10.136):
    • Outsiders in Rigveda: The Keśin hymn (Rigveda 10.136), found in the Rigveda’s youngest book codified around 1000 BCE, describes an outsider not belonging to the Brahminic establishment.
    • Scanty Evidence: Limited evidence in the Vedas reflects the existence, practices, and achievements of these spiritually advanced wanderers, suggesting the challenges in reconstructing early yogic history.
  5. Proto-Yoga in Vedic Rishis:
    • Connection to Later Yoga: According to scholars like Whicher, the proto-yoga of the Vedic rishis represents an early form of sacrificial mysticism. Elements such as concentration, meditative observation, ascetic practices (tapas), and breath control are identifiable as precursors to later yogic practices.
  6. Upanishads and Classical Yoga:
    • Transition in Upanishads: Recognizable classical yoga practices begin to appear in the Upanishads, composed during the late Vedic period.
    • Formless Meditation: Alexander Wynne suggests that formless, elemental meditation, a hallmark of later yoga, might have originated in the Upanishadic tradition.
  7. Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya Upanishads:
    • Meditation and Pranayama: Early references to meditation are found in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (c. 900 BCE). The Chandogya Upanishad (c. 800–700 BCE) introduces concepts such as the five vital energies (prana) and practices like pranayama (breath control).
  8. Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana and Taittiriya Upanishad:
    • Breath Control and Mantra Repetition: The Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana, likely predating the 6th century BCE, teaches breath control and mantra repetition. The Taittiriya Upanishad from the 6th century BCE defines yoga as the mastery of body and senses.
  9. Introduction of the Term “Yoga” (Katha Upanishad):
    • Katha Upanishad: The actual term “yoga” is believed to have first appeared in the Katha Upanishad, dated to the 5th to 1st centuries BCE. This marks a pivotal moment in the linguistic evolution and conceptualization of yoga.

The period from 1000 to 500 BCE laid the foundational groundwork for yoga’s evolution, with early references in the Vedas and the transition into more elaborate yogic concepts in the Upanishads. The connection between Vedic contemplative practices and later forms of yoga becomes evident, setting the stage for the profound transformation of yogic traditions in the centuries to come.

Elaboration on Second Urbanisation (500–200 BCE): Emergence of Systematic Yoga Concepts

The period between 500 and 200 BCE witnesses a significant development in yogic concepts, as evidenced by early Buddhist texts, middle Upanishads, and the Mahabharata’s Bhagavad Gita and Shanti Parva. This era, marked by India’s second urbanization, lays the foundation for systematic yogic practices.

  1. Buddhism and the śramaṇa Movement:
    • Ascetic Circles: Geoffrey Samuel suggests that yogic practices developed in ascetic circles associated with the early śramaṇa movements, including Buddhists, Jainas, and Ajivikas. This development aligns with India’s second urbanization period.
    • Mind-Body Techniques: Mind-body techniques, referred to as Dhyāna and tapas, were employed by these traditions, later recognized as early forms of yoga aimed at liberation from the cycle of rebirth.
  2. Buddhism’s Role:
    • Buddha’s Contribution: According to Werner, the Buddha played a pivotal role in the development of the yogic system, incorporating experiences gained from various yoga teachers of his time.
    • Systematic Yoga Practice: Buddhism, as expounded in the Pali Canon, provides a systematic and integral school of yoga practice, making it the first fully preserved system of yoga.
  3. Early Buddhist Texts:
    • Yogic and Meditative Practices: Early Buddhist texts describe yogic and meditative practices borrowed from the śramaṇa tradition. Practices such as pressing the tongue against the palate and postures resembling modern Kundalini-evoking postures are mentioned.
    • Suttas on Yogic Practice: Specific suttas, including the Satipatthana Sutta and Anapanasati Sutta, discuss yogic practices within the Buddhist context.
  4. Jain Meditation:
    • Preceding Buddhism: Jain meditation, a precursor to Buddhist school practices, predates Buddhism. The distinction between early Jain school and influences from other schools is challenging due to the chronological proximity of Jain sources to Buddhist ones.
  5. Upanishads and Classical Yoga:
    • First References to Classical Yoga: The Upanishads, composed in the late Vedic period, contain the earliest references to practices recognizable as classical yoga.
    • Katha Upanishad: The term “yoga” in the modern sense first appears in the Katha Upanishad, defining it as the steady control of the senses leading to a supreme state through cessation of mental activity.
  6. Shvetashvatara Upanishad and Maitrayaniya Upanishad:
    • Body Posture and Meditation: The Shvetashvatara Upanishad describes a yogic procedure involving an upright body, restrained breath, and focused meditation. This reflects early forms of yogic practices.
    • Sixfold Yoga Method: The Maitrayaniya Upanishad, predating the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, outlines a sixfold yoga method, encompassing breath control, introspection, meditation, mental concentration, logic, reasoning, and spiritual union.
  7. Yoga Upanishads:
    • Methods of Yoga: In addition to the Principal Upanishads, the Yoga Upanishads and related texts, such as Yoga Vasistha, discuss various yoga methods. These texts, composed between the 6th and 14th centuries CE, contribute to the evolution of yogic thought.

The period from 500 to 200 BCE serves as a crucial juncture in the development of systematic yogic concepts. Influenced by the śramaṇa movements and recorded in early Buddhist texts and Upanishads, these emerging practices lay the groundwork for the rich and diverse tradition of yoga that continues to evolve.

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