A list of 20 major differences between the workings of the Indian and U.S. governments:

1. System of Government

• India: Parliamentary System.
• U.S.: Presidential System.

2. Head of State

• India: The President is the ceremonial head, while the Prime Minister holds executive power.
• U.S.: The President is both the head of state and the head of government, holding executive power.

3. Legislative Structure

• India: Bicameral Parliament with the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
• U.S.: Bicameral Congress with the House of Representatives and the Senate.

4. Election of the Executive

• India: The Prime Minister is elected by members of the Parliament, typically from the majority party in the Lok Sabha.
• U.S.: The President is directly elected by the people through the Electoral College.

5. Tenure of the Executive

• India: The Prime Minister’s term depends on the confidence of the majority in the Parliament.
• U.S.: The President serves a fixed four-year term, with a maximum of two terms.

6. Federalism

• India: Cooperative federalism where power is shared between the center and states, but the center holds more power.
• U.S.: Dual federalism, with a clearer separation of powers between the federal government and the states.

7. Judiciary

• India: Single integrated judicial system, with the Supreme Court at the top.
• U.S.: Federal judiciary with both federal and state court systems; the Supreme Court is the highest federal court.

8. Amendment of Constitution

• India: The Constitution is more flexible and can be amended by a simple or special majority in Parliament, depending on the subject.
• U.S.: The Constitution is rigid, requiring a two-thirds majority in both houses and ratification by three-fourths of the states.

9. Bill of Rights

• India: Fundamental Rights are guaranteed in Part III of the Constitution, but some rights can be suspended during emergencies.
• U.S.: The Bill of Rights guarantees certain fundamental rights that cannot be suspended.

10. Role of Vice President

• India: The Vice President’s role is mostly ceremonial, acting as the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.
• U.S.: The Vice President has an active role in the executive branch and serves as the President of the Senate.

11. Impeachment

• India: The President can be impeached for violation of the Constitution.
• U.S.: The President can be impeached for “high crimes and misdemeanors.”

12. Bureaucracy

• India: Bureaucrats (civil servants) are typically recruited through a centralized examination, the Indian Administrative Service (IAS).
• U.S.: Bureaucrats are appointed based on merit, with various agencies handling recruitment.

13. Legislative Process

• India: Bills can be introduced in either house of Parliament, and the President’s assent is required for passage into law.
• U.S.: Bills can be introduced in either house of Congress, but budgetary bills must originate in the House of Representatives.

14. Emergency Provisions

• India: The Constitution allows the declaration of national, state, and financial emergencies.
• U.S.: Emergency powers are more limited and focused on specific events like war or economic crises.

15. Election Frequency

• India: General elections are held every five years, but elections can be called earlier if the Parliament is dissolved.
• U.S.: Presidential elections are held every four years, with mid-term elections for Congress every two years.

16. Political Parties

• India: Multi-party system with regional and national parties.
• U.S.: Two-party system dominated by the Democratic and Republican parties.

17. Citizen Participation

• India: Voting is not compulsory, and voter turnout varies widely.
• U.S.: Voting is also not compulsory, but there are concerted efforts to increase voter participation.

18. Executive Powers

• India: The Prime Minister shares executive power with the cabinet.
• U.S.: The President holds substantial executive power and can veto laws passed by Congress.

19. Law Enforcement

• India: Law enforcement is primarily under state control, but the central government can intervene in certain cases.
• U.S.: Law enforcement is decentralized with federal, state, and local agencies.

20. Role of Religion

• India: India is a secular state, but religion plays a significant role in politics and society.
• U.S.: The U.S. is also a secular state, with a strong emphasis on the separation of church and state.

These differences reflect the distinct historical, cultural, and political contexts that shaped both countries’ governments